ࡱ> =( $+/ 00DArialngsRomanttxz 0DTahomagsRomanttxz 0 DTimes New Romanttxz 00DWingdingsRomanttxz 0 A .  @n?" dd@  @@`` TV"//HG,,+,-./1246789:;=?ABDEGHIJKLMON 0AA@8!"3ʚ;ʚ;g4hdhd 0Lppp@ <4dddd@k 0tTz 80___PPT10 ?  %O  =5'Practical Strategies for Legal ResearchHead Start 2005 June 23, 2005 Wendy-Anne Berkenbosch Legal Counsel, Court of Queen s Bench[P[ The BasicsGenerally speaking, effective legal research requires you to answer three basic questions: 1. What is the problem? 2. Where can I find the answer? 3. What is the answer?\S The BasicsI advocate a research strategy that uses both paper and online resources, but does not rely exclusively on either. This will allow you to take the benefit of both modalities while avoiding unnecessary risks or limitations.(tl The ProblemIn order to provide an effective product, you must understand what you have been asked to do. Listen to the instructions and take notes. Don t be afraid to ask questions. If you are intimidated, ask another student or an associate. X^ZZ+ZZ_ZZ  The ProblemBAddress practical considerations, like time lines and cost limitations, at the outset. If you find that you need clarification along the way, ask for it. Don t be afraid to be creative. If you think the problem can be addressed from a different perspective, talk to the assigning lawyer.0PPP"Finding the AnswerThe key to legal research is not knowing the law, it s knowing where to find the law. Use practical and consistent research strategies: start with general legal principles and move to progressively more specific sources..VZZZ Starting PointspStart with the basics. You have to understand the area of law you are researching in order to be effective. JUqStarting PointsThere is no substitute for textbooks and other secondary sources like the CED and the Canadian Abridgement to give you a basic understanding of general legal principles. These sources can also direct you to other sources. Don t ignore the footnotes: they contain valuable citations for articles and cases that may be relevant. XZZZZZZKStarting PointsConsider whether your problem has a statutory element. If so, note up the legislation in question to find applicable case law. If you re not sure, don t be afraid to browse the list of statutes. H8ZZIZZFZStarting Points-Where your problem involves issues of interpretation, check dictionaries and words and phrases resources. Recent articles can also provide general principles, case comments and alternative methods of analysis. Keep in mind that the views of the author may not reflect the current state of the law. 6k.& Starting PointsCheck the CD Rom resources available at your firms and libraries. Check LESA seminar materials, which are often prepared by leading practitioners.   Next StepsOnce you have a basic understanding of the problem, move to the case law. If you have gleaned leading cases from the secondary sources, read them carefully. Pay particular attention to any factual or legislative similarities or differences. <JZZZZ Next StepsBe wary of cases that contain multiple judgments. In some cases, it can be difficult to determine the majority position on various issues. A chart can be helpful (seriously!). Note up the leading cases. Do not rely exclusively on online sources. HZZFZZZ" Next StepsWhere possible, focus on law from your jurisdiction, particularly where your problem involves a matter of procedure or is tied to statute. Keep in mind that case law from certain jurisdictions carries more weight than case law from others. .ZZfZ  Next StepsIf there are no obvious leading cases, formulate a search strategy. Use key words and resources lists from textbooks and other secondary sources, such as the Canadian Abridgement and CED keys. Browse the indexes in topical case reporters. XDPP}PP.PP Next StepsConduct online searches. Think about your search terms ahead of time, using the key words you have come across in other sources. Use general searches and digest databases to narrow your focus, then move to more specific searches. VZZeZZZZ'! Next StepsBe aware of the different fee schedules in place for online resources. Review digests or headnotes online to avoid unnecessary printing charges. Use the most cost effective ways of printing cases. @HK5 Analysis8Legal research does not end with finding the law. Wherever possible, apply the law to the facts underlying the problem you have been given. If you haven t been given the facts, ask for them or note that in your memo. Don t be afraid to reach a conclusion, but be sure to back it up.J2PPPPBP AnalysisDo not ignore case law that is unfavourable to your position. Regardless of any ethical obligations that may apply, from a practical perspective, both your case and your reputation are best served if you can address and distinguish unfavourable law. *?The Finished ProductProvide your answer in a comprehensible and useable format. Where appropriate, use headings. Set out your analysis in a logical, well-reasoned progression. J=!?The Finished ProductAlways consider your audience. For example, if you are drafting an opinion letter that will go to a client, ensure that it is suited to that purpose. 4y("The Finished ProductMost clients want a practical and expert application of the law to their particular circumstances. They do not want pages of esoteric discussion on the evolution of the Rule of Law in Canada. (e^The Finished ProductOn the other hand, if you are drafting a comprehensive research memo for another lawyer, you can (and likely should) provide detailed analysis. Research memos should contain more pure law, including specific legal sources and citations. .ZZ_Z Practical Tips and TricksUse the resources that are available to you. Librarians are invaluable sources of information and will always know more than you do about legal research. Don t reinvent the wheel: check firm memo banks and databases to determine if anyone else has examined the same issue, which may give you an effective starting point. X-PPoPPPPH)#Practical Tips and TricksWhen you preparing an opinion or a memo for another lawyer, ask his or her assistant for a precedent so you can use an appropriate format. Consider including a short conclusion at the beginning of long opinions or research memos so that the answer is readily accessible. **$Practical Tips and Tricks|Always use proper citations. The Court accepts reliable electronic citations, but also requests that a parallel reported citation and the neutral citation be provided if available: see Queen s Bench Notice to the Profession dated February 1, 2002. Use pinpoint references for quotes, preferably to paragraph numbers. *F?Practical Tips and TricksAnticipate that you will be interrupted in the midst of a research problem. Prepare case summaries as you go, either on paper or on sticky notes that you can attach to the cases. 4Lg Practical Tips and Tricks8Keep records of the sources you have consulted. If you re using looseleaf editions, note the date of the most recent update. This will allow you to readily note up your research at a later date. Keep track of your online searches as you conduct them in order to prevent duplication. *Y! Resources OAlberta Courts Website: albertacourts.ab.ca Research texts: D.T. MacEllvan, Legal Research Handbook, 5th ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 2003) M. 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